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          LV16-28-Memory-01-内存管理基础
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<details class="folding-tag" blue><summary> 点击查看使用工具及版本 </summary>
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              <table>    <tr>        <td align="center" width=150px>Windows</td>        <td align="left">windows11</td>    </tr>    <tr>        <td align="center">Ubuntu</td>        <td align="left">Ubuntu16.04的64位版本</td>      </tr>    <tr>        <td align="center">VMware® Workstation 16 Pro</td>        <td align="left">16.2.3 build-19376536</td>      </tr>    <tr>        <td align="center">SecureCRT</td>        <td align="left">Version 8.7.2 (x64 build 2214)   -   正式版-2020年5月14日</td>      </tr>    <tr>        <td align="center">开发板</td>        <td align="left">正点原子 i.MX6ULL Linux阿尔法开发板</td>      </tr>    <tr>        <td align="center">uboot</td>        <td align="left">NXP官方提供的uboot，NXP提供的版本为uboot-imx-rel_imx_4.1.15_2.1.0_ga(使用的uboot版本为U-Boot 2016.03)</td>      </tr>    <tr>        <td align="center">linux内核</td>        <td align="left">linux-4.15(NXP官方提供)</td>      </tr>    <tr>        <td align="center">STM32开发板</td>        <td align="left">正点原子战舰V3(STM32F103ZET6)</td>      </tr></table>
              </div>
            </details>

<details class="folding-tag" blue><summary> 点击查看本文参考资料 </summary>
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              <ul><li>通用</li></ul><table><tr><td align="center">分类  </td><td align="center">网址</td><td align="center">说明</td></tr><tr><td align="center" rowspan="4">官方网站</td><td align="left"><a href="https://www.arm.com/" target="_blank">https://www.arm.com/</a></td><td align="left">ARM官方网站，在这里我们可以找到Cotex-Mx以及ARMVx的一些文档</td></tr><tr>                                            <td align="left"><a href="https://www.st.com/content/st_com/zh.html" target="_blank">https://www.st.com/content/st_com/zh.html</a></td><td align="left">ST官方网站，在这里我们可以找到STM32的相关文档</td></tr><tr>                                            <td align="left"><a href="https://www.stmcu.com.cn/" target="_blank">https://www.stmcu.com.cn/</a></td><td align="left">意法半导体ST中文官方网站，在这里我们可以找到STM32的相关中文参考文档</td></tr><tr>                                            <td align="left"><a href="http://elm-chan.org/fsw/ff/00index_e.html" target="_blank">http://elm-chan.org/fsw/ff/00index_e.html</a></td><td align="left">FatFs文件系统官网</td></tr><tr><td align="center" rowspan="3">教程书籍</td><td align="left"><a href="STM32开发相关资料/01ARM参考资料/ARM Cortex-M3权威指南(中文).pdf" target="_blank">《ARM Cortex-M3权威指南》</a></td><td alirn="left" rowspan="3">ARM公司专家Joseph Yiu（姚文祥）的力作，中文翻译是NXP的宋岩</td></tr><tr>                                            <td align="left"><a href="STM32开发相关资料/01ARM参考资料/ARM Cortex-M0权威指南(中文).pdf" target="_blank">《ARM Cortex-M0权威指南》</a></td></tr><tr>                                            <td align="left"><a href="" target="_blank">《ARM Cortex-M3与Cortex-M4权威指南》</a></td></tr><tr><td align="center" rowspan="4">开发论坛</td><td align="left"><a href="http://47.111.11.73/forum.php" target="_blank">http://47.111.11.73/forum.php</a></td><td align="left">开源电子网，正点原子的资料下载及问题讨论论坛</td></tr><tr>                                            <td align="left"><a href="https://www.firebbs.cn/forum.php" target="_blank">https://www.firebbs.cn/forum.php</a></td><td align="left">国内Kinetis开发板-野火/秉火（刘火良）主持的论坛，现也做STM32和i.MX RT</td></tr><tr>                                            <td align="left"><a href="https://www.amobbs.com/index.php" target="_blank">https://www.amobbs.com/index.php</a></td><td align="left">阿莫（莫进明）主持的论坛，号称国内最早最火的电子论坛，以交流Atmel AVR系列单片机起家，现已拓展到嵌入式全平台，其STM32系列帖子有70W+。</td></tr><tr>                                            <td align="left"><a href="http://download.100ask.net/index.html" target="_blank">http://download.100ask.net/index.html</a></td><td align="left">韦东山嵌入式资料中心，有些STM32和linux的相关资料也可以来这里找。</td></tr><tr><td align="center" rowspan="3">博客参考</td><td align="left"><a href="http://www.openedv.com/" target="_blank">http://www.openedv.com/</a></td><td align="left">开源网-原子哥个人博客</td></tr><tr>                                            <td align="left"><a href="http://blog.chinaaet.com/jihceng0622" target="_blank">http://blog.chinaaet.com/jihceng0622</a></td><td align="left">博主是原Freescale现NXP的现场应用工程师</td></tr><tr>                                            <td align="left"><a href="https://community.arm.com/arm-community-blogs/b/architectures-and-processors-blog/posts/cortex-m-resources" target="_blank">cortex-m-resources</a></td><td align="left">这其实并不算是一个博客，这是ARM公司专家Joseph Yiu收集整理的所有对开发者有用的官方Cortex-M资料链接（也包含极少数外部资源链接）</td></tr></table><ul><li>STM32</li></ul><table>    <tr><td align="center" rowspan="2">STM32</td><td align="left"><a href="https://doc.embedfire.com/mcu/stm32/f103/hal_general/zh/latest/index.html" target="_blank">STM32 HAL库开发实战指南——基于F103系列开发板</a></td><td align="left">野火STM32开发教程在线文档</td></tr><tr>                                            <td align="left"><a href="https://doc.embedfire.com/mcu/stm32/f103badao/std/zh/latest/index.html" target="_blank">STM32库开发实战指南——基于野火霸道开发板</a></td><td align="left">野火STM32开发教程在线文档</td></tr></table><ul><li>SD卡</li></ul><table>    <tr><td align="left"><a href="https://www.sdcard.org/" target="_blank">SD Association</a></td><td align="left">提供了SD存储卡和SDIO卡系统规范</td></tr></table>
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<details class="folding-tag" blue><summary> 点击查看相关文件下载 </summary>
              <div class='content'>
              <table>    <tr><td align="left"><a href="https://www.st.com/resource/en/datasheet/stm32f103ze.pdf" target="_blank">STM32F103xx英文数据手册</a></td><td align="left">STM32F103xC/D/E系列的英文数据手册</td></tr>    <tr><td align="left"><a href="https://www.stmcu.com.cn/Designresource/detail/localization_document%20/709978" target="_blank">STM32F103xx中文数据手册</a></td><td align="left">STM32F103xC/D/E系列的中文数据手册</td></tr>    <tr><td align="left"><a href="https://www.st.com/resource/en/reference_manual/rm0008-stm32f101xx-stm32f102xx-stm32f103xx-stm32f105xx-and-stm32f107xx-advanced-armbased-32bit-mcus-stmicroelectronics.pdf" target="_blank">STM32F10xxx英文参考手册（RM0008）</a></td><td align="left">STM32F10xxx系列的英文参考手册</td></tr>    <tr><td align="left"><a href="https://www.stmcu.com.cn/Designresource/detail/localization_document%20/710001" target="_blank">STM32F10xxx中文参考手册（RM0008）</a></td><td align="left">STM32F10xxx系列的中文参考手册</td></tr>    <tr><td align="left"><a href="https://developer.arm.com/documentation/100165/0201/?lang=en" target="_blank">Arm Cortex-M3 处理器技术参考手册-英文版</a></td><td align="left">Cortex-M3技术参考手册-英文版</td></tr>    <tr><td align="left"><a href="https://www.st.com/resource/en/programming_manual/pm0056-stm32f10xxx20xxx21xxxl1xxxx-cortexm3-programming-manual-stmicroelectronics.pdf" target="_blank">STM32F10xxx Cortex-M3编程手册-英文版(PM0056)</a></td><td align="left">STM32F10xxx/20xxx/21xxx/L1xxxx系列Cortex-M3编程手册-英文版</td></tr>    <tr><td align="left"><a href="https://www.sdcard.org/downloads/pls/" target="_blank">SD卡相关资料——最新版本</a></td><td align="left">有关SD卡的一些资料可以从这里下载</td></tr>    <tr><td align="left"><a href="https://www.sdcard.org/downloads/pls/archives/" target="_blank">SD卡相关资料——历史版本</a></td><td align="left">有关SD卡的一些历史版本资料可以从这里下载，比如后边看的SD卡2.0协议</td></tr>    <tr><td align="left"><a href="./" target="_blank">SD 2.0 协议标准完整版</a></td><td align="left">这是一篇关于SD卡2.0协议的中文文档，还是比较有参考价值的，可以一看</td></tr></table>
              </div>
            </details> 

<p>我们学习了使用 STM32F1 驱动外部 SRAM，以扩展 STM32F1 的内存，加上STM32F1 本身自带的 64K 字节内存，我们可供使用的内存还是比较多的。如果我们所用的内存都像上一节的 testsram 那样，定义一个数组来使用，显然不是一个好办法。后来在使用Flash做Bootloader实验的时候，就无法在原有工程中定义一个55KB的数组，然后 lcd做字模缩放的时候，数组也是预先定义好的，直接就16KB，再加上一些其他的，STM32内部Flash一共就64KB，直接被我占满，sct文件中定义了SRAM的长度，导致编译都无法通过，所以动态的去管理内存就很有必要了。</p>
<h1 id="一、内存管理简介"><a href="#一、内存管理简介" class="headerlink" title="一、内存管理简介"></a><font size=3>一、内存管理简介</font></h1><h2 id="1-什么是内存管理"><a href="#1-什么是内存管理" class="headerlink" title="1. 什么是内存管理"></a><font size=3>1. 什么是内存管理</font></h2><p>内存管理，是指软件运行时对计算机内存资源的分配和使用的技术。其<strong>最主要的目的</strong>是如何高效，快速的分配，并且在适当的时候释放和回收内存资源。 内存管理的实现方法有很多种，他们其实最终都是要实现 2 个函数： malloc 和 free； malloc 函数用于内存申请， free 函数用于内存释放。  </p>
<h2 id="2-两个函数"><a href="#2-两个函数" class="headerlink" title="2. 两个函数"></a><font size=3>2. 两个函数</font></h2><p>我们不详细去挖malloc和free是如何申请和释放内存的，这里只学习函数的用法。</p>
<h3 id="2-1-malloc"><a href="#2-1-malloc" class="headerlink" title="2.1 malloc()"></a><font size=3>2.1 malloc()</font></h3><figure class="highlight c"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="meta">#<span class="keyword">include</span> <span class="string">&lt;stdlib.h&gt;</span></span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">extern</span> _ARMABI <span class="type">void</span> *<span class="title function_">malloc</span><span class="params">(<span class="type">size_t</span> <span class="comment">/*size*/</span>)</span>;</span><br><span class="line">   <span class="comment">/*</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment">    * allocates space for an object whose size is specified by &#x27;size&#x27; and whose</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment">    * value is indeterminate.</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment">    * Returns: either a null pointer or a pointer to the allocated space.</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment">    */</span></span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>

<p><strong>【函数说明】</strong>申请指定字节数的内存空间。</p>
<p><strong>【函数参数】</strong></p>
<ul>
<li>size_t ：函数的声明中，只有形参类型，我们在keil中追踪这个类型，会发现它其实就是 unsigned int 类型，表示我们要申请的内存空间的字节数。</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>【注意事项】</strong></p>
<p>（1）申请到的内存空间不会自动初始化，我们需要自己去初始化；</p>
<p>（2）函数返回值为void *类型，我们需要做强制类型转换，转换为我们需要的数据类型的指针类型。</p>
<h3 id="2-2-free"><a href="#2-2-free" class="headerlink" title="2.2 free()"></a><font size=3>2.2 free()</font></h3><figure class="highlight c"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="meta">#<span class="keyword">include</span> <span class="string">&lt;stdlib.h&gt;</span></span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">extern</span> _ARMABI <span class="type">void</span> <span class="title function_">free</span><span class="params">(<span class="type">void</span> * <span class="comment">/*ptr*/</span>)</span>;</span><br><span class="line">   <span class="comment">/*</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment">    * causes the space pointed to by ptr to be deallocated (i.e., made</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment">    * available for further allocation). If ptr is a null pointer, no action</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment">    * occurs. Otherwise, if ptr does not match a pointer earlier returned by</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment">    * calloc, malloc or realloc or if the space has been deallocated by a call</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment">    * to free or realloc, the behaviour is undefined.</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment">    */</span></span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>

<p><strong>【函数说明】</strong>释放通过malloc申请的内存空间。</p>
<p><strong>【函数参数】</strong></p>
<ul>
<li>void ：函数的声明中，只有形参类型，这是一个void *类型，表示要释放的内存空间的首地址。</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>【注意事项】</strong></p>
<h1 id="二、分布式内存管理"><a href="#二、分布式内存管理" class="headerlink" title="二、分布式内存管理"></a><font size=3>二、分布式内存管理</font></h1><p>我们来学习一种比较简单的办法来实现：分块式内存管理。</p>
<h2 id="1-基本原理"><a href="#1-基本原理" class="headerlink" title="1. 基本原理"></a><font size=3>1. 基本原理</font></h2><img data-src="https://fanhua-picture.oss-cn-hangzhou.aliyuncs.com/01%E5%B5%8C%E5%85%A5%E5%BC%8F%E5%BC%80%E5%8F%91/01HQ%E8%AF%BE%E7%A8%8B%E4%BD%93%E7%B3%BB/LV16-STM32%E5%BC%80%E5%8F%91/LV16-28-Memory-01-%E5%86%85%E5%AD%98%E7%AE%A1%E7%90%86%E5%9F%BA%E7%A1%80/img/image-20230515230445906.png" alt="image-20230515230445906" style="zoom: 67%;" />

<p>分块式内存管理由<strong>内存池</strong>和<strong>内存管理表</strong>两部分组成。内存池被等分为n块，对应的内存管理表，大小也为n，内存管理表的每一个项对应内存池的一块内存。</p>
<p>内存管理表的项值代表的意义：当该项值为0的时候，代表对应的内存块未被占用，当该项值非零的时候，代表该项对应的内存块已经被占用，其数值则代表被连续占用的内存块数。比如某项值为10，那么说明包括本项对应的内存块在内，总共分配了10个内存块给外部的某个指针。</p>
<p>内存分配方向：是从顶到底的分配方向。即首先从最末端开始找空内存。当内存管理刚初始化的时候，内存管理表全部清零，表示没有任何内存块被占用。</p>
<h2 id="2-分配原理"><a href="#2-分配原理" class="headerlink" title="2. 分配原理"></a><font size=3>2. 分配原理</font></h2><p>当指针p调用malloc申请内存的时候，先判断p要分配的内存块数（m），然后从第n项开始，向下查找，直到找到m块连续的空内存块（即对应内存管理表项为0），然后将这m个内存管理表项的值都设置为m（标记被占用），最后，把最后的这个空内存块的地址返回指针p，完成一次分配。注意，如果当内存不够的时候（找到最后也没找到连续的m块空闲内存），则返回NULL给p，表示分配失败。</p>
<h2 id="3-释放原理"><a href="#3-释放原理" class="headerlink" title="3. 释放原理"></a><font size=3>3. 释放原理</font></h2><p>当指针p申请的内存用完，需要释放的时候，调用free函数实现。free函数先判断p指向的内存地址所对应的内存块，然后找到对应的内存管理表项目，得到p所占用的内存块数目m（内存管理表项目的值就是所分配内存块的数目），将这m个内存管理表项目的值都清零，标记释放，完成一次内存释放。</p>
<h1 id="三、函数设计"><a href="#三、函数设计" class="headerlink" title="三、函数设计"></a><font size=3>三、函数设计</font></h1><h2 id="1-内存管理控制结构体"><a href="#1-内存管理控制结构体" class="headerlink" title="1. 内存管理控制结构体"></a><font size=3>1. 内存管理控制结构体</font></h2><figure class="highlight c"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="comment">// 内存管理控制器</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">typedef</span> <span class="class"><span class="keyword">struct</span> __<span class="title">malloc_dev</span></span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="class">&#123;</span></span><br><span class="line">    <span class="type">int8_t</span> (*init)(<span class="type">uint8_t</span>);       <span class="comment">// 初始化</span></span><br><span class="line">    <span class="type">uint8_t</span> (*perused)(<span class="type">uint8_t</span>); <span class="comment">// 内存使用率</span></span><br><span class="line">    <span class="type">uint8_t</span> *membase[SRAMBANK];  <span class="comment">// 内存池 管理SRAMBANK个区域的内存</span></span><br><span class="line">    <span class="type">uint16_t</span> *memmap[SRAMBANK];  <span class="comment">// 内存管理状态表</span></span><br><span class="line">    <span class="type">uint8_t</span> memrdy[SRAMBANK];    <span class="comment">// 内存管理是否就绪</span></span><br><span class="line">&#125;FUNC_MEM;</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>

<h2 id="2-其他函数"><a href="#2-其他函数" class="headerlink" title="2. 其他函数"></a><font size=3>2. 其他函数</font></h2><p>其他的那些函数这里就没必要写了，可以看这里：<a target="_blank" rel="noopener" href="https://gitee.com/sumumm/stm32f103-prj/blob/master/Hardware/func_mem.c">Hardware&#x2F;func_mem.c · sumumm&#x2F;STM32F103-Prj - 码云 - 开源中国 (gitee.com)</a>和<a target="_blank" rel="noopener" href="https://gitee.com/sumumm/stm32f103-prj/blob/master/Hardware/func_mem.h">Hardware&#x2F;func_mem.h · sumumm&#x2F;STM32F103-Prj - 码云 - 开源中国 (gitee.com)</a></p>

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